Rights and Legal Obligations of Donation Recipients in Donation-Based Crowdfunding: Islamic Law and Indonesian Positive Law Perspectives
Hak dan Kewajiban Hukum Penerima Dana Donasi pada Donation-Based Crowdfunding dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam dan Hukum Positif Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21111/jicl.v9i3.62Keywords:
Donation-Based Crowdfunding, Amanah, Hibah, Wakālah, Legal Pluralism, Islamic PhilanthropyAbstract
Donation-based crowdfunding has become a major channel of Indonesian philanthropy, yet the legal position of those who receive donated funds remains unsettled. Existing studies describe the regulatory vacuum or assert that Islamic law and positive law share an orientation toward accountability, without explaining why the prevailing hibah (gift) analogy fails to bind recipients to the campaign's purpose. This article examines how far the hibah construction in Indonesian civil law and Islamic law explains the status of donated funds, and how recipients' rights and obligations should be reconstructed. Using doctrinal legal research with statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches, including uṣūl al-fiqh analysis, it tests the argument against the Cak Budi, Aksi Cepat Tanggap (ACT), and Agus Salim cases. The findings show that the hibah analogy fits only beneficiary-recipients, and only as a purpose-bound gift, whereas intermediary-recipients act as agents (wakīl) holding funds under yad al-amānah, which turns into yad al-ḍamān upon deviation. This explains why embezzlement charges succeeded against ACT but are doctrinally weak against beneficiaries. The article proposes a tiered trust model and a digital amanah regime of purpose-locking, staged disbursement, cost disclosure, and collective enforcement.
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